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Bitext word alignment
Bitext word alignment or simply word alignment is the natural language processing task of identifying translation relationships among the words (or more rarely multiword units) in a bitext, resulting in a bipartite graph between the two sides of the bitext, with an arc between two words if and only if they are translations of one another. Word alignment is typically done after sentence alignment has already identified pairs of sentences that are translations of one another.
Bitext word alignment is an important supporting task for most methods of statistical machine translation; the parameters of statistical machine translation models are typically estimated by observing word-aligned bitexts,〔P. F. Brown et al. 1993. (The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation: Parameter Estimation ). Computational Linguistics, 19(2):263–311.〕 and conversely automatic word alignment is typically done by choosing that alignment which best fits a statistical machine translation model. Circular application of these two ideas results in an instance of the expectation-maximization algorithm.〔Och, F.J. and Tillmann, C. and Ney, H. and others 1999, (Improved alignment models for statistical machine translation ), Proc. of the Joint SIGDAT Conf. on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora〕
This approach to training is an instance of unsupervised learning, in that the system is not given examples of the kind of output desired, but is trying to find values for the unobserved model and alignments which best explain the observed bitext. Recent work has begun to explore supervised methods which rely on presenting the system with a (usually small) number of manually aligned sentences.〔ACL 2005: (Building and Using Parallel Texts for Languages with Scarce Resources )〕 In addition to the benefit of the additional information provided by supervision, these models are typically also able to more easily take advantage of combining many features of the data, such as context, syntactic structure, part-of-speech, or translation lexicon information, which are difficult to integrate into the generative statistical models traditionally used.
Besides the training of machine translation systems, other applications of word alignment include translation lexicon induction, word sense discovery, word sense disambiguation and the cross-lingual projection of linguistic information.
== Training ==
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